THE MUSICAL ACTIVITIES OF ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN ALAENYI TRADITIONAL SOCIETY OF IMO STATE

AUTHOR: OGUOMA, PATIENCE UCHENWA

DEPARTMENT: MUSIC

AFFILIATION: NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA

Music constitutes the strongest, the most effective, remarkable tie and cultural identity of the member towns of Alaenyi clan. The musical activities include those of the adolescent girls which consist of singing of lullabies, folktale songs, play and game songs, entertainment music performances, singing of work songs, playing of musical instruments, and dancing during social ceremonies of Nwam e toola (puberty), marriages and burials. To a very large extent, avu ifo (folk songs) and avu oro (play songs) which form the bedrock of most adult traditional musical activities have evoked love, patriotism, to name a few; Nwam e toola (puberty rites) promoted chastity; charismatic and mesmerising Alija and other dances projected cultural heritage, and promoted chances for girls’ marriage; Iku nwa activated the spirit of industry and caring; while marriage activities taught respect and solidarity, among a litany of social values. In the light of those potentials listed above, it became apt and pertinent to save those musical activities from extinction. Using musical and anthropological equipment such as observation, participation, interviews, video and audio recorders, notes and scholarly writings, this descriptive study systematically identified and collected the music samples for documentation and further research. It discussed the historical and other ethnographic backgrounds of Alaenyi; studied and analyzed the musical and non-musical data: and adjudged their implications. The findings of the study revealed that, among other benefits, the younger generations would learn history, social norms, proper traditional dance styles, leadership and followership skills, and effective use of leisure time. Parents would get closer to their kids while schools’ curricula become highly enriched. Cultural heritage (material and non-material) of the communities are projected and enhanced, while the libraries are enriched with cultural artefacts for the State and National museums. The study would also benefit the Ministries of Information, Culture and Tourism, National and International Associations of Igbo studies, and Research Students of Ethnomusicology.

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DEPHOSPHORIZATION OF AGBAJA IRON ORE BY SINTERING AND BIOLEACHING PROCESSES

AUTHOR: AMEH, EBERE MONICA

DEPARTMENT: MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AFFILIATION: NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA

The reduction of phosphorus content to acceptable level (0.01 – 0.03) by sintering of Agbaja iron ore with KClO3 and NaOH as oxidants and bioleaching have been investigated. Biobeneficiation in the natural environment was used. From the result of the sinter produced with coke breeze, reduction of phosphorus to acceptable value (0.02 – 0.03%) was achieved. About 95.38%P was removed and iron was upgraded to about 99.99%. Potassium chlorate (KClO3) and NaOH successfully reduced phosphorus from 0.78% to 0.03%. For the three parameters used (leachants, time and temperature) about 96.17%P 97.62%Fe, 95.20%P 94.70%Fe, and 94.61%P 96.01%Fe respectively were successfully removed from the ore. Also, with the mixture of the two leachants (KClO3& NaOH) under the same three parameters (leachants, time and temperature) about 85.24%P, 80.83%P and 73.91%P respectively were successfully removed from the iron ore. The level of phosphorus in the ore, obtained with either of the two oxidants (KClO3 or NaOH) during sintering fell within the limit of acceptable phosphorus (0.03%P) in high quality steel. Also, the mixture of both leachants reduced phosphorus to (0.18%P) which is within the metallurgical acceptable value of (0.3%P) in pig iron production. For bioleaching, “Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans” was used on Agbaja iron ore. The organism successfully reduced phosphorus from the iron ore to the metallurgical acceptable value. From the result, it was observed that about 92.73% P (for particle size), 79.27%P (for pH) and 96.58%P(for inoculum) were removed at the fourth (4th) week for particle size (0.63mm), pH(2) and inoculums (5ml) when 2g extract in 100ml solution was analyzed. At the fourth week, the ore was also upgraded to about 97.19av%, 98.01%av and 97.01%av for PS(0.32mm), pH(2) & inoculums (5ml). The organism used, performed very well in dephosphorization & upgrading of iron content in Agbaja iron ore under the following conditions: Particle size range of 0.32 — 0.63mm, pH=2, inoculum size of 5ml (at 0.5Mc Farland standards in 300ml of experimental medium) at fourth week when 2g] extract in 100ml solution was analyzed. In sintering, the predicted model value of R correlation was slightly above the experimental value: R2 = 1 and R2 = 0.8339 respectively (time and temperature considered). In bioleaching, the predicted model value of R correlation was the same with the experimental generated value: R2 = 1 and R2 = 1 respectively (time & inoculum, time & particle size considered). Hence, the prediction indicated that the experiment was in order i.e the predicted model value was quite in agreement with the experimental generated.

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ASSESSMENT OF STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE TEACHING OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP BY BUSINESS EDUCATION TEACHERS IN TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS IN SOUTH-SOUTH NIGERIA

AUTHOR: JIMOH-KADIRI SIDIKAT OSAMUEDE

DEPARTMENT: VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

AFFILIATION: NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY, AWKA

This study sought to ascertain the effective strategies for teaching entrepreneurship skills in tertiary institutions in the south-south zone of Nigeria as considered by business education teachers. Four research questions were formulated and four hypotheses were posed and tested at 0.05 level of significance. Descriptive survey design was employed. The population consisted of 210 business education teachers in tertiary institutions in the south-south zone of Nigeria as at October, 2009. There was no sampling, since the 210 business education teachers were manageable in number; the population remained as the sample. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire with 43 items. The instrument was validated by five experts and its reliability coefficient was 0.82. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation in answering the research questions and inferential statistics of z-test for testing the null hypotheses. Data analysis revealed that teacher-oriented, student-oriented and assignment-oriented strategies were considered effective for teaching entrepreneurship courses. On the other hand, games and simulation strategies were considered not effective for teaching entrepreneurship courses. The data also revealed that gender, experience, type of institutions and availability of instructional facilities had no significant influence on business education teachers’ consideration of the effectiveness of teaching strategies. Based on the results of the findings, the following, among other recommendations were made: (1) very few business education teachers have clear understanding of how games and simulation strategies operate, they should be encouraged to go for further training on how to use these strategies, (2) employment and deployment of teachers in schools at all levels should not be gender-biased and (3) entrepreneurship education should be made compulsory to all students from primary to tertiary institutions in order, to prepare them for self and venture creation, employment after graduation.

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